Understanding what a Motion to Suppress Evidence is in Criminal Defense Cases

K. George Kordalis
Dec 23, 2020
4 min read

Updated: Sep 25

Navigating the complexities of criminal defense law can be daunting, especially when individual rights are at stake. One key legal tool for defendants is the motion to suppress evidence. This powerful legal strategy can dramatically influence case outcomes, making it vital for everyone involved in the justice system to grasp its significance.

In this post, we will explore what a motion to suppress evidence is, the reasons for filing such a motion, the steps involved in the process, and the possible repercussions on a criminal case.

What is a Motion to Suppress Evidence?

A motion to suppress evidence is a formal request made by a defendant in a criminal case, asking the court to prevent certain evidence from being introduced at trial. This request is based on the belief that the evidence was obtained in violation of the defendant's constitutional rights, mainly under the Fourth Amendment, which protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.

This motion acts as a crucial protection against overreach by authorities, ensuring that only evidence gathered through legal means can be used to convict someone. For example, consider a scenario where police searched a home without a warrant and found illegal substances. If the court agrees to the motion, those substances cannot be used against the defendant in court.

Grounds for Filing a Motion to Suppress in Defense of a Criminal Case

Understanding the grounds for filing a motion to suppress is crucial for defendants and their attorneys. Here are some common reasons:

Illegal Search and Seizure: If police conducted a search without a warrant or probable cause, the evidence may be deemed inadmissible. For instance, a 2020 report showed that about 20% of cases involving illegal searches led to the exclusion of key evidence.
Violation of Miranda Rights: Suppose officers failed to inform a suspect of their rights before questioning them. In that case, any statements made may be tossed out of court, potentially changing the direction of the trial.
Involuntary Confessions: If a suspect is coerced into confessing, that confession can be challenged. Statistics indicate that around 25% of wrongful convictions stem from false confessions.
Chain of Custody Issues: Gaps in the chain of custody—like missing records of who handled evidence—may call into question the reliability of that evidence.
Excessive Force: Evidence obtained through excessive force may also be suppressed. For example, if a defendant can show they were physically coerced during an arrest, the court may decide to exclude any evidence obtained as a result.

It is essential for defendants to work with their attorneys to carefully analyze the circumstances surrounding the evidence collection to identify valid grounds for a motion to suppress.

The Process of Filing a Motion to Suppress

The process of filing a motion to suppress involves several critical steps:

Consultation with Legal Counsel: First, defendants should meet with an attorney who specializes in criminal law to assess the case and determine if valid grounds for a motion exist.
Drafting the Motion: If there are grounds, the attorney drafts the motion, clearly stating the specific evidence to be suppressed and why.
Filing the Motion: The motion, along with supportive documents like affidavits or witness statements, is filed with the court.
Hearing: A hearing is held where both defense and prosecution present their arguments. The judge evaluates the evidence and legal points before making a decision.
Ruling: The judge issues a ruling on the motion. If granted, the evidence is excluded from the trial.
Appeal: Should the motion be denied, the defense may be able to appeal the ruling, depending on local laws.

This process requires both legal knowledge and awareness of procedural specifics, making it crucial to have competent legal representation.

Consequences of a Successful Motion to Suppress

When a motion to suppress evidence is granted, the fallout can be significant for the prosecution:

Weakening the Prosecution's Case: Key evidence suppressed can lead the prosecution to struggle in proving their case beyond a reasonable doubt. A 2019 study indicated that 30% of cases involving suppression motions ended in acquittals.
Negotiation Leverage: A successful motion provides the defense an advantage in plea discussions, as a weakened case may lead the prosecution to consider more favorable deals.
Impact on Trial Strategy: The absence of crucial evidence can force the prosecution to change their trial strategy, potentially creating openings for the defense.
Public Perception: Granting a motion might also shape public opinion on the case, especially if it reveals police misconduct or civil rights violations.

Final Thoughts

In conclusion, a motion to suppress evidence plays a critical role in safeguarding individual rights within the criminal justice system. By understanding the valid grounds for such motions, the process for filing them, and the potential impacts, defendants and their legal teams are better equipped to navigate the complexities of criminal cases.

Whether you are a defendant, a legal professional, or simply interested in the workings of criminal law, grasping the concept of a motion to suppress evidence is crucial. It reflects the importance of following lawful procedures in the pursuit of justice and the protection of constitutional rights.